Yes, Florida Construction Industry requires all modification of Exterior Building Envelope to have an approved Building Permit to ensure Work being done is up to code by Licensed Contractors.

This depends on the City/Municipality, however most permits take roughly 4 weeks to be approved in most. Timeframe is also determined by revisions, clarification requests, or comments received by City reviewer that need to be addressed.

Depending on the complexity 1-2 weeks.

Window & Door types chosen for the project. For example Bi-folding Doors, and Casements Windows are more expensive than French doors, and Horizontal Rolling Windows. In addition the size of the Window or Door (area), , Glass Composition (Laminated, Insulated Laminated, Low-Energy Coatings), Frame Finishes like custom powder coat or PVDF Resins for Coastal Applications.

Aluminum Windows should last about 20 - 25 years, in Coastal Applications (By Ocean) would normally have PVDF Fluoropolymer which offers resistance to the salt from the Ocean.

A single piece of Laminated Glass is not bullet Resistant. So short answer is no your Windows/Doors aren't bulletproof when using Impact Laminated Glass. However Ballistic Glass can have multiple interlayers combined with glass or acrylic to achieve a specific ballistic rating level.